Cable assembly, connector apparatus and method

ABSTRACT

A connector apparatus for connecting to a cable assembly that comprises coaxial cable and at least one wire and/or fluid conduit and/or further layer, wherein the connector apparatus comprises a housing that houses a connector and at least one further connector, wherein the connector is configured to electrically connect to the coaxial cable when the connector apparatus and the cable assembly are in an engaged state, the at least one further connector is configured to connect to the at least one wire and/or fluid conduit and/or further layer when the connector apparatus and the cable assembly are in the engaged state, the connector is configured to allow free rotation relative to the connector of the coaxial cable around an axis when the coaxial cable is electrically connected to the connector in the engaged state.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method, cable assembly and connectorapparatus for delivery of electromagnetic energy. The invention may haveparticular application to microwave energy delivery in medicalapplications where microwave energy is delivered to a tissue target. Themedical application may comprise the ablation, coagulation andhaemostasis of tissue using microwave energy.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Microwave ablation of tissue requires electromagnetic energy atmicrowave frequencies to be delivered to a target site via a cable usedas a conduit to contain the energy between the inner and outerelectrical conductors in a coaxial arrangement. There are somelimitations with using coaxial cables for this type of energy delivery.The power handling of microwave cables is related to a number of factorssuch as frequency of operation, cable diameter, and dielectric filling.The dielectric filling of the cable possesses a loss property whichabsorbs energy creating heat. The ratio of inner to outer conductorsurface area also affects this loss property by focusing the powertransported by the dielectric.

Typically, thin microwave cables have higher loss and cannot accommodatepower compared to larger diameter cables. In turn larger cables are morerigid and feel restrictive for the user. In medical applicationsdexterity is an important human factor in surgical treatments and it isdesirable for medical devices not to significantly impinge upon theuser's freedom.

In applications where energy is reflected by the termination, forexample in medical ablations, this type of cable heating problem iscompounded as the returning reflected energy is absorbed and dissipatedas heat by the cable. In addition this return energy is superimposedonto the delivered energy as a result of voltage standing wave (VSW)creating localised excessive heating (hotspots) within the cable atfixed points. This can be particularly problematic in medicalapplications where stringent regulations govern the temperature ofpatient and user contacting parts to prevent inadvertent burns fromcabling.

Additionally this phenomenon can shorten the lifetime of cables byburning the dielectric at the hotspot location by creating absorbingregions that increase the attenuation within the cable.

One method to overcome the issues with cable heating is to use a thincable with a circulating cooling fluid jacket. The result of thisapproach is a flexible cooled cable however it can be easily damaged andhas lower power handling performance coupled with complex waterproofencapsulation which has the possibility to leak resulting in expense tomanufacture and reliability issues. Other methods include covering thecable with extra insulation layers which tend to increase the rigidityand traps the heat or placing the cable through a folded supportplatform (cardboard or plastic) to separate the cable from the patient.

Another aspect of design in medical applications is unwantedelectromagnetic radiation emission. In medical microwave applicationsunwanted radiation is often not necessarily at the frequency of thetreatment (for example 1-10 GHz) and may occur at other radiofrequencies such as for example in the 5-200 MHz ranges causingelectromagnetic interference (EMI) to nearby equipment. There aremedical device and FCC requirements and standards set to limit this typeof non-intended radiation which pose a challenge to system designers.Problems may arise when the connecting cabling is electrically isolatedfrom the system ground or “floating”. One issue with this approach isthat the cable is at a different electrical potential to the systemground such as in Type B floating medical devices (Type BF). Spuriousemissions from internal circuitry and internal wiring that are normallycontained with the enclosure induce currents on the floating components.Any cable connected to the floating parts carries off these currents andacts as an antenna as it emerges from the system ground plane creatingthe unwanted radiation. Some techniques involve connecting the outer ofthe microwave coaxial cable to the zero volt side of an isolated powersupply which may also include bypass capacitor(s) to couple highfrequency noise to the system ground.

Microwave cables are typically manufactured using industrial microwavetechniques with connectors attached to the outer and inner conductors ofthe coaxial cable. The connectors are then fastened to a port andtypically locked into place. As they are affixed at one side these typeof cables possess a torsional rigidity and hence lack fluidity duringuse, in some instances they will tend to coil or will resist beingstraightened. This becomes more pronounced with larger cables which alsohave increased weight and limits the freedom of the end user.

In many treatments the cable and applicator are integrated and after usethe entire assembly is disposed leading to a significant additionalexpense for the procedure. Microwave cables are typically very expensivedue to the materials and manufacturing tolerances required to achievemicrowave performance. This expense tends to increase with theoperational frequency and loss/performance specification of the cable.One option is to retain the majority of the cable between treatments anduse a short interconnected disposable applicator/cable portion for thepatient. The benefits of this are that the long cable can be low losshigh specification to maximise the energy delivery with the disposableportion being low cost to reduce the manufacturing and subsequenttreatment costs. This approach is however limited due to the fragilityof the cable as the coaxial structure is particularly sensitive todamage especially at microwave frequencies.

Cables that are crushed or excessively bent may change the coaxial ratiocausing them to reflect or absorb energy resulting in poor performance.

There is therefore a need for a method and device for the delivery ofmicrowave energy, for example in medical environments, that protects thepatient and/or user from unwanted heat, is pliable by the user andoffers long term mechanical protection of the cable whilst preventingunwanted electromagnetic radiation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first, independent aspect of the invention there is provided aconnector apparatus for connecting to a cable assembly that comprisescoaxial cable and at least one wire and/or fluid conduit and/or furtherlayer, wherein the connector apparatus comprises a housing that houses aconnector and at least one further connector, wherein the connector isconfigured to electrically connect to the coaxial cable when theconnector apparatus and the cable assembly are in an engaged state, theat least one further connector is configured to connect to the at leastone wire and/or fluid conduit and/or further layer when the connectorapparatus and the cable assembly are in the engaged state, the connectoris configured to allow rotation of the coaxial cable around an axis, forexample when the coaxial cable is electrically connected to theconnector in the engaged state.

The connector apparatus may be configured so that in operation it cancontinue to transmit electromagnetic energy to the coaxial cable, forexample microwave energy, during said rotation.

The axis may be a longitudinal axis. The connector may be configured toallow free rotation of the coaxial cable around the axis, relative tothe connector. For example rotation by at least 180°, optionally by atleast 360°, whilst at least the connector and a centre conductor of thecoaxial cable remain electrically connected, may be provided

The connector may be configured such that said axis may align with thelongitudinal axis of the coaxial cable when the connector apparatus andthe cable assembly are in an engaged state.

The connector may alternatively be configured such that said axis may belocated at an off-axis position away with the longitudinal axis of thecoaxial cable when the connector apparatus and the cable are in anengaged state.

The connector of the connector apparatus may comprise a first connectionelement for electrically connecting to an inner conductor element of thecoaxial cable, and a second connection element for electricallyconnecting to a corresponding connection element electrically connectedto a conductive shield of the coaxial cable, and the connector may beconfigured such that, when in the engaged state, the inner conductorelement is in sliding contact with the first connection element and thecorresponding connection element electrically connected to theconductive shield is in sliding contact with the second connectionelement when the coaxial cable rotates.

The connector may comprise a first connection element for electricallyconnecting to an inner conductor of the coaxial cable, and a secondconnection element for electrically connecting to a conductive shield ofthe coaxial cable. The connector may be configured such that, when inthe engaged state, the inner conducting shield is in sliding contactwith the first connection element and the conductive shield is insliding contact with the second connection element when the coaxialcable rotates.

The at least one further connector may be for connecting to at least onewire and/or fluid conduit, and may be located at an off-axis positionaway from said axis.

The at least one further connector may be for connecting to at least onefurther layer of the cable assembly. The at least one further connectormay be configured to restrict rotation of the least one wire and/orfluid conduit and/or further layer. The at least one further connectormay comprise gripping means for gripping the least one wire and/or fluidconduit and/or further layer when in the engaged state.

The connector apparatus may further comprise a tension member connectorfor connecting to a tension member of the cable when in the engagedstate.

The connector may comprise means for applying compression force to thecoaxial cable or a component of the coaxial cable in a directionsubstantially along said axis when in the engaged state. The componentof the coaxial cable may comprise a microwave connector at the end ofthe cable, for example an SMP, BMA or SMA connector.

The connector apparatus may comprise a bushing and optionally the meansfor applying compression force is arranged to apply compression force tothe bushing. The bushing may be configured to attach to or otherwiseengage the coaxial cable.

The connector apparatus may comprise at least one of:—at least onechannel for guiding the bushing into a retained position; a locking facefor engaging with a face of the bushing thereby retaining the bushing inposition; a step feature for constraining the bushing against pullingforces when the bushing is in a retained position.

The connector apparatus may comprise a locking feature on a flexible tabthat is configured to travel along the at least one channel and rampover and lock behind the locking face.

The bushing may comprise a tooth and socket arrangement.

The coaxial cable may comprise an end connector, for example an SMP, BMAor SMA connector, and the means for applying compression force may bearranged to apply force between a face of the bushing and a face of theend connector. The means for applying compression force may comprise aspring.

The cable assembly may comprise a further conducting shield around thecoaxial cable, and the further connector may be for connecting to thefurther conducting shield.

The connector may comprise a first electrical connection configured toelectrically connect to a conducting shield of the coaxial cable when inthe engaged state, and the further connector may comprise a secondelectrical connection for electrically connecting to the furtherconducting shield when in the engaged state, and the first electricalconnection is electrically isolated from the second electricalconnection thereby to enable the conducting shield and the furtherconducting shield to be held at different electrical potentials.

The connector apparatus may be configured to connect to a cable assemblyas claimed or described herein.

In a further, independent aspect of the invention there is provided amethod of providing electromagnetic energy via a cable assembly, whereinthe cable assembly comprises a coaxial cable comprising an innerconductor, a conducting shield around the inner conductor, and aninsulating layer separating the inner conductor and the conductingshield. The cable assembly further comprises a further conducting shieldaround the coaxial cable, and the method comprises maintaining theconducting shield of the coaxial cable at a first electrical potential,and maintaining the further conducting shield at a second electricalpotential that is different to the first electrical potential.

The first electrical potential may be the electrical ground (0V) or“system ground” or “floating ground” in medical applications. The secondelectrical potential may be the chassis ground (e.g. enclosure earth).

The method may comprise connecting the cable assembly to an apparatusfor providing electromagnetic energy, and electrically connecting thefurther conducting shield to an electrical ground of the apparatus, forexample electrically connecting the further conducting shield to thehousing of the apparatus, for example at electrical earth

The apparatus for providing electromagnetic energy may comprise anelectromagnetic energy source and the method may comprise electricallyconnecting the conducting shield of the coaxial cable to an electricalground (e.g. 0V) of the electromagnetic energy source.

The electromagnetic energy may comprise microwave energy. Theelectromagnetic energy may comprise electromagnetic energy having afrequency between 1 MHz and 10 GHz, for example at or around 915 or 2450MHz. The electromagnetic energy may comprise electromagnetic energyhaving a maximum amplitude at a frequency between 1 MHz and 10 GHz, forexample at or around 915 or 2450 MHz.

The method may comprise providing microwave energy via the cableassembly.

The cable assembly may comprise a cable assembly as claimed or describedherein. The method may comprise connecting the cable assembly via aconnection apparatus as claimed or described herein to an apparatus forproviding electromagnetic energy.

In a further, independent aspect of the invention there is provided acable assembly comprising a coaxial cable comprising an inner conductor,a conducting shield around the inner conductor, and an insulating layerseparating the inner conductor and the conducting shield, and a furtherconducting shield around the coaxial cable, wherein the furtherconducting shield is configured to be connected, in operation, to anelectrical potential different to the electrical potential of theconducting shield of the coaxial cable.

The further conducting shield may comprise a substantially continuouselectrically conductive layer. The further conducting shield maycomprise braiding or tubing.

The cable assembly may be for connection to an apparatus for providingelectromagnetic energy to the coaxial cable, and the cable assembly maybe configured to be electrically connectable to a ground potential ofthe apparatus, for example to a housing of the apparatus.

The apparatus for providing electromagnetic energy may comprise anelectromagnetic energy source and the cable assembly may be configuredsuch that the conducting shield of the microwave coaxial cable iselectrically connected to the floating electrical ground (e.g. 0V) ofthe electromagnetic energy source when the cable assembly is connectedto the apparatus.

The cable assembly may further comprise an armour layer around thefurther conducting shield. The armour layer may comprise at least one ofa coiled spring, brading or tubing.

The armour layer may comprise a coiled spring and the pitch of thecoiled spring may be between ½ and ⅛ of the diameter of the coiledspring, optionally between ⅓ and ¼ of the diameter of the coiled spring.

The armour layer may comprise a coiled spring and the material of whichthe spring is formed may have a diameter of between 1/20^(th) and ⅕^(th)of the diameter of the spring, optionally a diameter of between1/15^(th) and 117^(th) of the diameter of the spring, optionallysubstantially equal to 1110^(th) of the diameter of the spring.

The armour layer may be formed from at least one of stainless steel,carbon fibre or composite material.

There may be an air gap between the armour layer and at least onefurther layer of the cable assembly within the armour layer, such thatin operation the armour layer and the at least one further layer do nottouch for at least part of their length.

The armour layer and the at least one further layer may touch at only alimited number of points along their length, with the number andlocation of touching points being dependent on the curvature of thecable assembly. The at least one further layer may comprise one of theshield or the further shield or an electrically insulating layersurrounding the further shield.

The armour layer and the at least one further layer may be separatedalong the length of the cable assembly on average, by a separation ofbetween 0.1 mm and 10 mm, optionally between 1 mm and 2 mm.

The cable assembly may comprise a tension member arranged lengthwisealong the cable, for bearing a tensile load when the cable is placedunder tension. The tension member may be configured to bear a tensileload of at least 10N for 10 minutes when the cable is placed undertension.

The tension member may comprise at least one of rope, string, wire orcord. The tension member may have a breaking strain or elastic limitsubstantially greater than at least one, optionally all, of the othercomponents of the cable assembly. The tension member may have an elasticmodulus substantially higher than at least one, optionally all, of theother components of the cable assembly. The elastic modulus may be inthe range 20,000-120,000 MPa.

The cable assembly may further comprise at least one fluid conduitlocated between the conducting shield of the coaxial cable and thefurther conducting shield.

The cable assembly may further comprise at least one further cablelocated between the conducting shield of the coaxial cable and thefurther conducting shield. The conducting shield around the innerconductor, the insulating layer, and the further conducting shield mayhave substantially the same longitudinal axis as a longitudinal axis ofthe inner conductor.

The at least one fluid conduit and/or the at least one further cable mayeach have a longitudinal axis that is different from the longitudinalaxis of the inner conductor.

In a further independent aspect of the invention there is provided anapparatus or method for enclosing a microwave coaxial cable.

The apparatus may comprise an armour component to protect the coaxialcable;

a shield component to prevent unwanted electromagnetic radiation;a flexible insulating thermal barrier.

The apparatus may comprise an armour component consisting of a coiledspring of stainless steel or carbon fibre or other metal or compositematerial to protect the microwave coaxial cable from crushing forces andto prevent excessive over bending of the cable.

The apparatus or method may also comprise having the spring arranged tohave an elongated pitch spacing such that it cannot be easily flattenedor collapsed. For example one possible embodiment is a 0.7 mm diameterstainless steel wire spring with pitch 1.5-3 mm and outside diameter of5-10 mm or larger. Ideally the pitch should be ¼ to ⅓ the diameter withthe wire being approximately 1/10 the diameter to provide the necessarystrength.

The apparatus may further comprise a shield component constructed froman electrically conductive continuous covering (such as a braiding ortubing) that encapsulates the microwave cabling and may include othercabling such as communication wiring or other conductive elements orpiping for gas or fluids.

The shield component may also be the armour or alternatively may also beconnected to the armour such that the armour and shield are at the sameelectrical potential. The microwave cable and any other interconnectingwiring would be electrically insulated and therefore electricallyisolated from the shield to maintain patient safety this represents ameans of patient protection (MOPP).

The shield component may be directly connected to the chassis ground(earth) thus choking off the ability for the internal floating microwavecable to emit unwanted radiation. The shield and armour may beencapsulated in a flexible insulating coating to provide mechanicalprotection and also to electrically isolate the end user and patientfrom the chassis ground to maintain safety; this represents anadditional means of patient protection (MOPP).

The method may also comprise having the armour, shield and flexibleinsulating coating serve to thermally isolate the user or patient fromthe inner cabling. Stainless steel may be used as a thermal barrier dueto the poor thermal conductivity of this material. As the cable onlyperiodically contacts the stainless steel armour along its lengththermal conduction would be minimised.

In an alternative embodiment, a coiled metallic thermal conductor couldalso act as a heat equalisation mechanism as heat transferred to thecoil at fixed points will travel bi-directionally along the coil andre-radiate being cooled by thermal convection within the conduit. Thecoil could be coated internally and/or externally with silver tape orpaint.

The apparatus may also comprise an insulating jacket such as platinumcured silicone, vinyl, nitrile or any other flexible plastic, polymer orrubber material having good thermal insulation properties applied overthe armour to act as a further layer of thermal insulation. The jacketmay also be painted internally with silver paint or lined with silverfoil to further minimise radiated heating.

In another independent aspect of the invention there is provided ahousing means for locating a microwave cable, the housing means beingconnectable to, or comprised within, a cable assembly apparatus asclaimed or described herein, and comprising a locating means configuredto permit the free axial rotation of a coaxial cable.

The housing means and locating means may comprise the following:—

insulated holder to align the microwave cable and other connectors;compression spring to maintain microwave connection;tension member.

The apparatus may further comprise an electrically insulating holderused to hold the microwave cable in alignment with the correspondinggender of microwave connector. This holder may be realized by injectionmolding or a rapid manufacturing technique such as SLA manufacture.

In one embodiment the microwave cable may have a connector means thatcan accommodate easy connection and rotation for example in the currentembodiment a zero detent force SMP or BMA female connector is used.

This holder may also contain connections for other means such as dataconnections or cable shield connections or fluid or gas connections. Theconnections could be arranged around a central axial microwave cable orcould be staggered or offset in any arrangement.

The holder may permit the microwave cable to rotate independent of theseconnections thus removing the torque placed on the entire cableassembly. The holder may optionally be connected to the spring body tolimit the overall rotation to prevent the internal wiring beingexcessively wrapped around the microwave cable which could cause thewiring or cabling to be pulled away from connections. The wiring maycomprise individual conductors or ultrathin ribbon cable wrapped aroundthe body of the microwave cable.

The holder may also incorporate a compression spring that ensures arobust microwave connection by pushing the connector outwards. Thehousing being designed to permit the spring to apply force whilstallowing the assembly to freely rotate. Another function of the holdercompression spring is to provide a means to accommodate tolerances inthe interconnecting parts such that during mating the connector may beable to move backward compressing the holder spring until theappropriate mate has been made, with the mate being maintained by theholder spring force. The holder compression spring is required for smalland sub-miniature connectors in particular low detent connectors wheresmall movement tolerances may easily interrupt the microwave connection.

The apparatus may further comprise a tension member such as a rope,string, wire or cord that resists stretching, for example being madefrom Aramid fibre such as Kevlar™. The tension member would connect withthe microwave cable holder at either end of the cable assembly and wouldprevent the entire assembly being overstretched. The tension memberprevents excessive pulling forces being placed upon the microwaveconnectors inside the assembly which with enough force could disconnectthe microwave connectors off the ends of the microwave cable causingdamage. The entire assembly could be fitted into standard medicalconnection solution such as the Amphenol Pulse-LOK™ to create a robustmulti-contact/hybrid connection that can be rapidly engaged ordisengaged.

There may also be provided an apparatus, cable assembly, connector ormethod substantially as described herein with reference to theaccompanying drawings. It should be understood that the embodimentsdescribed herein are merely exemplary and that various modifications maybe made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention.

One example of a scenario incorporating the inventions may be in anRE/microwave interconnecting cable for an invasive ablation orhyperthermia treatment. This type of device may be intended to be reusedfor the lifetime of the product. A disposable treatment antenna mayattached to the interconnect cable and after treatment only this smallportion being discarded.

The invention may provide for protection of cable whilst ensuring thatthe cable remains flexible and also providing electrical shielding forEMC purposes.

Any feature of one aspect or embodiment of the invention may be appliedas a feature of any other aspect or embodiment of the invention, in anycombination.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention are now described, by way of non-limitingexample, and are illustrated in the following figures, in which:—

FIG. 1 is an electrical schematic illustration of a microwave energydelivery system according to some embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 2( a) is an axial cross-sectional illustration of a cable assemblyaccording to some embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 2( b) is a longitudinal cross-sectional illustration of a microwaveenergy delivery system interconnect cable assembly according to someembodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a longitudinal cross-sectional illustration of a microwaveenergy delivery system interconnect cable assembly according to someembodiments of the invention;

FIG. 4( a) is an illustration (end view) of a cable retention mechanismaccording to some embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 4( b) is an illustration of a cable retention mechanism accordingto some embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5 is an isometric view of an alternative cable retention mechanismaccording to some embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 6 is an isometric view of an alternative cable retention mechanismaccording to some embodiments of the invention detailing a bushingdesign;

FIG. 7 is an isometric view of an alternative cable retention mechanismaccording to some embodiments of the invention detailing alignmentfeatures;

FIG. 8 is an isometric view of an alternative cable retention mechanismaccording to some embodiments of the invention detailing locatingfeatures;

FIG. 9 is an isometric view of an alternative cable retention mechanismaccording to some embodiments of the invention detailing locking andalignment features; and

FIG. 10 is a longitudinal cross-sectional illustration of an alternativecable retention mechanism according to some embodiments of the inventiondetailing locking feature clearance.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to compositions or embodiments andmethods of the invention, which constitute the best modes of practicingthe invention presently known to the inventors. However, it will beunderstood by those skilled in the art that the claimed subject mattermay be practiced without these specific details. In other instances,well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not beendescribed in detail so as to not obscure the claimed subject matter.

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown byway of illustration embodiments in which the invention may be practiced.It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized andstructural or logical changes may be made without departing from thescope of the present invention. Therefore, the following detaileddescription is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope ofembodiments in accordance with the present invention is defined by theappended claims and their equivalents.

A system for delivering microwave energy is illustrated in FIG. 1. Inthis system there is a mains supply 1, 2 isolated from the supplycircuitry by a medical grade isolation transformer 3 which may be atransformer, power supply unit and/or may also include a dc/dcconverter, to provide a voltage supply 4 and a system ground or 0Vreference 5 to power a microwave generator system 6 enclosed within anearthed enclosure 7. In medical applications requiring floatingconnectors the chassis earth and system ground or 0V reference may be atdifferent potentials due to the requirement to isolate the patient fromearth to prevent the risk of electrical shock.

The microwave generator system 6 includes an isolated output connectedvia a high voltage microwave capacitor 8 to supply the fundamentalfrequency. The microwave generator system is electrically isolated“floated” from the chassis ground and is powered by a type BF medicalgrade power supply (Craftec GNT400) to provide the required patientisolation negating the requirement for a coaxial microwave DC block.Connection to a microwave cable 9 is made via a standard slide-onmicrowave coaxial connector such as an SMP, BMA or SMA connectorsupplied by Amphenol or M/A-Com which connects the coaxial inner viaconnection 10-11 and the coaxial conducting shield (outer conductor) viaconnection 12-13 to the system ground or 0V. Data connections are madevia 101-102 and may include a plurality of data lines.

The microwave coaxial cable 9 and the data lines 102 form part of acable assembly and are shielded by a further conducting shield in theform of conductive mechanism 16 which may, for example, be a conductivespring or braided covering. Advantageously this shield is connected tothe chassis earth via a connection 14-15 to enhance the EMI performanceof the cable assembly. The microwave cable can exit this shield, howeverit is insulated and spaced accordingly to prevent it electricallycontacting the shield. To prevent the patient contacting the chassisearth an insulation barrier 17 provides electrical isolation around theentire cable assembly.

The cable assembly is configured such that in operation, the conductingshield of the coaxial cable is maintained at a first electricalpotential (in the embodiment of FIG. 1, the system ground) and thefurther conducting shield is maintained at a second, differentelectrical potential (in the embodiment of FIG. 1, the chassis earth).

Referring to FIG. 2( a) a cable assembly is illustrated. In this diagramthe insulating sheath 18 surrounds an armour layer in the form of anarmour spring 19 which contains a shield such as a braided conductivesheath 20. The armour layer may, for example, comprise any suitablecoiled spring, brading or tubing in alternative embodiments. The coaxialmicrowave cable 26 is located inside the centre of the shield andcomprises a centre conductor 21 surrounded by a shielded dielectric 22a, which is in turn surrounded by an electrically conducting shield 22 bencased in an insulated jacket 23. A number of insulated conductor wires24 can also be contained within the assembly, likewise tubing 25 for gasor fluid or any other suitable type of fluid conduit may be containedwithin the assembly.

Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 2( b) the microwave cable 26 is heldwithin a connector apparatus in the form of a locating fixture 27 ateach end of the cable assembly. This locating fixture 27 can also holdpins or sockets 28 to allow for electrical connections 24. The internalshield 20 is connected to ground 30 via this type of connection. Thearmour spring 19 is arranged to be spaced with an enhanced pitch 32 toprovide increased strength. The insulating jacket 18 encloses theassembly to prevent patient contact to earth. A tension member 35 isattached to the locating fixture 27 to prevent stretching forces 36acting on the microwave cable connectors 38. Advantageously the locatingfixture 27 is designed to permit the free rotation of the microwavecable 26 within the cable assembly. This feature permits the torque tobe removed from the cable assembly by allowing the outer cable assemblyto twist and rotate without restriction from the inner microwave cable26.

The tension member 35 in the embodiment of FIG. 2 is a rope formed ofKevlar™ but any suitable material may be used. The tension member mayhave an elastic limit or breaking greater strain greater than othercomponents of the cable 26. When the cable is held within the locatingfixture, the tension member 35 may be arranged to be shorter than thecoaxial cable and/or other cables 24 or conduits 25, to ensure thattension member rather than the coaxial cable 26 and/or other cables 24bears the majority, or all, of any tensile load experienced by thecable.

In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the armour spring is a 0.7 mm diameterstainless steel wire spring with pitch 1.5 mm and outside diameter of 5mm. Any other suitable material may be used for the armour, for examplecarbon fibre or any suitable metal or composite material. The insulatingjacket 23 of FIG. 2 is a platinum cured silicone jacket, but any othersuitable material can be used in alternative embodiments, for examplevinyl, nitrile or any other suitable flexible plastic or rubbermaterial. The jacket may, in some embodiments, be coated on its internalsurface with silver paint or lined with silver foil, or covered orcoated with other thermally reflective material.

An air gap may be provided inside the armour layer in some embodiments,to reduce thermal contact between the coaxial cable and outer layers ofthe cable assembly.

Referring to FIG. 3 the embodiment describes detail of a connectorapparatus in the form of the locating fixture 27. In this illustration ahousing in the form of a main body 41 of insulating material containslocations to accommodate coaxial microwave cabling 45 including in acable assembly, such that the coaxial microwave cabling is electricallyconnected to a connector when it is accommodated in the body andengaged. The housing also contains at least one further connector in theform of electric connecting pins or sockets 46. The electric connectingpins or sockets 46 are configured to connect to one or more wires, suchas wires 24 or further cables that may be included in the cableassembly. In alternative embodiments the pins or sockets 46 may besupplemented or replaced by a connector configured to connect to a fluidconduit that may be included in a cable assembly.

A bushing fixture 42 prevents the microwave connector 51 from beingwithdrawn. The microwave cable 45 enters the bushing 42 and isrestrained within it. The bushing 42 connects to the main body 41 via athread 44, optionally this may be a friction fit or other fitment suchas locking ramps. A compression spring 43 pushes the microwave connectoroutward towards a tapered mating face 49 which ensures alignmentconcentricity. The main body 41 also features a ramped insertion port 50to ensure that connections align properly prior to mating. Thecompression spring 43 mates with a parallel face 47 on the bushing toprevent the spring lodging between the bushing and the microwaveconnector. The compression spring 43 mates with another parallel face 48on the microwave connector 51 to deliver the retention force and topermit the microwave connector to turn freely inside the assembly.

Referring to FIG. 4 (a) the microwave cable 54 is inserted through ac-cut into the bushing 52 and retained by a collar feature 53 whichmaintains the axial alignment of the cable 54. The fit is such that thecable is permitted to rotate. In an alternative view illustrated in FIG.4 (b) the microwave cable is held in alignment by the internal face 55.Advantageously the C shaped cut region 56 permits the bushing to beadded to the cable after the cable has been manufactured. The mouldedthread 57 also possesses the C shaped cut and the material (Visijet SLAacrylic as an example) can flex to accommodate the cable. The bushingmay also be fabricated without a cut-out and may be incorporated withthe cable prior to addition of the connectors. Alternatively the cutaway portion may be also be added to the bushing to provide additionalstrength in the housing.

In alternative embodiments the locating fixture 27 includes a tensionmember connector for connecting to a tension member of the cabling, forexample tension member 35, when in an engaged state.

Referring to FIG. 5 a bushing arrangement according to an alternativeembodiment is illustrated. This embodiment permits the retention of aconnector without the requirement for the connector to pass throughsmall orifices during assembly.

In this embodiment the bushing 58 retains a sprung connector such as aBMA connector 59 with spring loading 60 inside a standard Alden PL1200connector core housing 61. Referring to FIG. 6, the bushing 58 has aninternal cylindrical rib 62 which captures the spring 60.

Referring to FIG. 7, the bushing 58 slides into position along channels64 and is retained against a ramp and locking face 63 and constrainedagainst pulling forces by a front step feature 64.

Advantageously the bushing 58 features a tooth 65 and socket 66arrangement as illustrated in FIG. 8 permitting the manufacture ofidentical mating parts.

Referring to FIG. 9 the bushing 58 features ramped locking features 67mounted on a flexing tab 68 which travels along the channels 64 andramps over and locks behind the ramped locking face 63.

Additional rib features 69 are included to guide the parts along thechannels 64 and prevent misalignment and mechanical support. Theassembly involves passing the BMA connector 59 through a PL1200 core 61and placing a pair of bushings 58 over the BMA connector 59, capturingthe spring 60 and then returning this assembly back into the core to belocked into position.

Referring to FIG. 10 the flexing tab 68 is designed to have sufficientclearance between the inner face 70 and the BMA connector outer face 71.This clearance is designed to be more than the height of the lockingramp 67 to permit the assembly to pass over all the ramped locking faces63 located along the channels 64 in the PL1200 core.

It will be understood that the present invention has been describedabove purely by way of example, and modifications of detail can be madewithin the scope of the invention.

Each feature disclosed in the description, and (where appropriate) theclaims and drawings may be provided independently or in any appropriatecombination.

1. A connector apparatus for connecting to a cable assembly thatcomprises coaxial cable and at least one of wire, fluid conduit, orfurther layer, wherein the connector apparatus comprises:— a housing forhousing a connector and a further connector, wherein the connector isconfigured to electrically connect to the coaxial cable when theconnector apparatus and the cable assembly are in an engaged state; thefurther connector is configured to connect to at least one of the wire,the fluid conduit, or the further layer when the connector apparatus andthe cable assembly are in the engaged state; the connector apparatus isconfigured to allow free rotation of the coaxial cable around an axiswhen the coaxial cable is electrically connected to the connector in theengaged state.
 2. A connector apparatus according to claim 1, whereinthe further connector is for connecting to at least one of wire or fluidconduit, and is located at an off-axis position away from said axis. 3.A connector apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the furtherconnector is for connecting to the further layer of the cable assembly.4. A connector apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising atension member connector for connecting to a tension member of the cableassembly when in the engaged state.
 5. A connector apparatus accordingto claim 1, wherein the connector comprises means for applyingcompression force to a component of the coaxial cable in a directionsubstantially along said axis when in the engaged state.
 6. A connectorapparatus according to claim 5, wherein the means for applyingcompression force comprises a spring.
 7. A connector apparatus accordingto claim 1, comprising a bushing and optionally the means for applyingcompression force is arranged to apply compression force to the bushing.8. A connector apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the coaxial cablecomprises an end connector and the means for applying compression forceis arranged to apply force between a face of the bushing and a face ofthe end connector.
 9. A connector apparatus according to claim 7 or 8,wherein the connector apparatus comprises at least one of: a channel forguiding the bushing into a retained position; a locking face forengaging with a face of the bushing thereby retaining the bushing inposition; or a step feature for constraining the bushing against pullingforces when the bushing is in a retained position.
 10. A connectorapparatus according to claim 9, wherein the connector apparatuscomprises a locking feature on a flexible tab that is configured totravel along the channel and ramp over and lock behind the locking face.11. A connector apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the bushingcomprises a tooth and socket arrangement.
 12. A connector apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the cable assembly comprises a furtherconducting shield around the coaxial cable, and the further connector isfor connecting to the further conducting shield.
 13. A connectorapparatus according to claim 12, wherein the connector comprises a firstelectrical connection configured to electrically connect to a conductingshield of the coaxial cable when in the engaged state, and the furtherconnector comprises a second electrical connection for electricallyconnecting to the further conducting shield when in the engaged state,and the first electrical connection is electrically isolated from thesecond electrical connection thereby to enable the conducting shield andthe further conducting shield to be held at different electricalpotentials.
 14. A connector apparatus according to claim 1, configuredto connect to an electromagnetic source for applying microwave energyfor medical applications, wherein the connector is configured to providefor application of microwave energy from the electromagnetic source tothe coaxial cable during said rotation.
 15. A connector apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the connector apparatus is configured toconnect to a cable assembly according to claim
 23. 16. A method ofproviding electromagnetic energy via a cable assembly, wherein: thecable assembly comprises a coaxial cable comprising an inner conductor,a conducting shield around the inner conductor, and an insulating layerseparating the inner conductor and the conducting shield, the cableassembly further comprises a further conducting shield around thecoaxial cable, and the method comprises:— maintaining the conductingshield of the coaxial cable at a first electrical potential; andmaintaining the further conducting shield at a second electricalpotential that is different to the first electrical potential.
 17. Amethod according to claim 16, wherein at least one of: the firstelectrical potential is at least one of the electrical ground, systemground or floating ground, or the second electrical potential is achassis ground or enclosure earth.
 18. A method according to claim 16,wherein the method comprises connecting the cable assembly to anapparatus for providing electromagnetic energy, and the method compriseselectrically connecting the further conducting shield to an electricalground of the apparatus, for example electrically connecting the furtherconducting shield to the housing of the apparatus.
 19. A methodaccording to claim 18, wherein the apparatus for providingelectromagnetic energy comprises an electromagnetic energy source andthe method comprises electrically connecting the conducting shield ofthe coaxial cable to an electrical ground of the electromagnetic energysource.
 20. A method according to claim 16, wherein the cable assemblyis a cable assembly according to claim
 23. 21. A method according toclaim 16, wherein the method comprises connecting the cable assembly viaa connection apparatus according to claim 1 to an apparatus forproviding electromagnetic energy.
 22. A method according to claim 21,wherein the apparatus for providing electromagnetic energy is configuredto apply microwave energy for medical applications.
 23. A cable assemblycomprising:— a coaxial cable comprising an inner conductor, a conductingshield around the inner conductor, and an insulating layer separatingthe inner conductor and the conducting shield; and a further conductingshield around the coaxial cable, wherein the further conducting shieldis configured to be connected, in operation, to an electrical potentialdifferent to the electrical potential of the conducting shield of thecoaxial cable.
 24. A cable assembly according to claim 23, being forconnection to an apparatus for providing electromagnetic energy to thecoaxial cable, wherein the cable assembly is configured to beelectrically connected to a ground potential of the apparatus, forexample to a housing of the apparatus.
 25. A cable assembly according toclaim 24, wherein the apparatus for providing electromagnetic energycomprises an electromagnetic energy source and the cable assembly isconfigured such that the conducting shield of the microwave cable iselectrically connected to an electrical ground of the electromagneticenergy source when the cable assembly is connected to the apparatus. 26.A cable assembly according to claim 23, further comprising an armourlayer around the further conducting shield
 27. A cable assemblyaccording to claim 26, wherein the armour layer comprises at least oneof a coiled spring, brading or tubing.
 28. A cable assembly according toclaim 27, wherein the armour layer comprises a coiled spring and thepitch of the coiled spring is between ½ and ⅛ of the diameter of thecoiled spring, optionally between ⅓ and ¼ of the diameter of the coiledspring.
 29. A cable assembly according to claim 26, wherein the armourlayer is formed from at least one of stainless steel, carbon fibre orcomposite material.
 30. A cable assembly according to claim 26, whereinthere is an air gap between the armour layer and the further layer ofthe cable assembly within the armour layer, such that in operation thearmour layer and the further layer do not touch for at least part oftheir length.
 31. A cable assembly according to claim 23, furthercomprising a tension member arranged lengthwise along the cable, forbearing a tensile load of at least 10N for 10 min when the cable isplaced under tension.
 32. A cable assembly according to claim 23,further comprising fluid conduit located between the conducting shieldof the coaxial cable and the further conducting shield.
 33. A cableassembly according to claim 23, further comprising further cable locatedbetween the conducting shield of the coaxial cable and the furtherconducting shield.
 34. A cable assembly according to claim 23, whereinthe conducting shield around the inner conductor, the insulating layer,and the further conducting shield have substantially the samelongitudinal axis as a longitudinal axis of the inner conductor.
 35. Acable assembly according to claim 23, wherein the at least one of thefluid conduit or the further cable each has a longitudinal axis that isdifferent from the longitudinal axis of the inner conductor.